New zoning powers for local governments will only meaningfully affect rental vacancy rates if cities streamline approval processes
The British Columbia government recently introduced legislation aimed at housing affordability, which – among other things – would grant municipalities the power to zone for rental-only housing, ostensibly to preserve and expand the supply of rental units in the province’s tightest housing markets.
With Metro Vancouver’s vacancy rate consistently below one per cent, there’s a clear need to boost the rental stock as quickly as possible.
However while this proposed reform may seem ambitious, it’s unclear things will unfold the way the government wants.
The legislation’s stated goal is to help “local governments protect and encourage the building of affordable rental housing.” The province wants to give cities an important tool to encourage builders to build more rental units.
Apparently, the provincial government assumes that, upon receiving these powers, municipalities will designate swaths of their respective cities for new rental housing, allowing developers to respond relatively quickly with the construction of rental units.
There are at least two potential hitches to this assumption.
First, municipalities have little financial incentive to implement immediate widespread rezoning for more rental units. In many of British Columbia’s largest (and least affordable) cities, when homebuilders seek permission to rezone (say, to allow an apartment building to replace several bungalows), they can trigger Community Amenity Contributions (CACs). Typically, CACs are negotiated fees or in-kind contributions (such as libraries or public art) paid by developers in exchange for rezoning.
In 2016, the City of Vancouver secured $127 million in cash or in-kind CACs, representing a significant portion of the city’s revenue. So by designating areas where new rental housing can be built – before receiving potentially lucrative applications from builders – local governments could leave a lot of money on the table. For example, Vancouver has prioritized higher-density development along the Cambie Corridor since 2009 but did not accompany its plans with the zoning changes to match. Instead, developers must first apply to have lots rezoned, in turn triggering a CAC and the resulting benefits for government.
Of course, there are other incentives for city hall to allow more housing, so only time will tell what council ends up prioritizing: one of its revenue streams or more housing to address the severe dearth of rental units as quickly as possible.
The second hitch is that it can take a long time for homebuilders to obtain building permits. According to a survey of housing industry professionals conducted between 2014 and 2016, it takes almost one year, on average, for building-permit approval across Lower Mainland municipalities (the wait times tend to be even longer for larger projects). At 14 months and 21 months, respectively, Surrey and Vancouver – B.C.’s two largest cities – are well above this average, meaning it’s even more difficult to get housing built where it’s needed most.
And that takes us back to the B.C. government’s recently proposed legislation. Rezoning plays an important role in prolonging timelines, adding an average of five months to the approval process in the Lower Mainland (rising to more than 10 months in Surrey and Vancouver). As such, newfangled zoning powers for local governments will only meaningfully affect rental vacancy rates if cities better streamline and increase certainty around approval processes.
The provincial government’s proposal contains some promising elements. Giving municipalities new zoning powers may help increase the supply of badly needed rental housing.
But without addressing the underlying problems that frustrate new rental construction, B.C.’s most expensive cities are unlikely to see meaningful rental relief any time soon.
By Josef Filipowicz
Josef Filipowicz is a senior policy analyst at the Fraser Institute’s Centre for Municipal Studies.
